Corró S, et al. - In view of concerns about second-stage positive cultures in 2-stage revision arthroplasty, researchers analyzed reimplantation microbiology when using vancomycin-gentamicin prefabricated cement spacers in hip and knee periprosthetic joint infection, as well as examined how second-stage positive cultures are associated with treatment failures and patient-associated factors. Among 108 cases analyzed, ≥ 1 second-stage positive culture was reported in 22.2% of patients, while ≥ 2 positive samples were obtained from 9.3% of patients. Second-stage positive cultures were associated with a higher rate of failure when using vancomycin-gentamicin cement spacers. Diabetes raised the probability of second-stage positive cultures. During the first stage, the use of extra-antibiotic-loaded cement for spacer fixation exhibited a protective effect.