Curró S, Vicente M, Rodriguez-Pardo D, et al. - Given the concerns regarding second-stage positive cultures in two-stage revision arthroplasty, researchers sought to examine reimplantation microbiology when using vancomycin-gentamicin prefabricated cement spacers in hip and knee PJI. Further, they investigated how second-stage positive cultures are associated with treatment failures and patient-associated factors. Among 108 cases (61 hips and 47 knees) analyzed, ≥ 1 second-stage positive culture was reported in 22.2% of patients, while ≥ 2 positive samples were obtained from 9.3% of patients. In relation to second-stage positive cultures, a higher failure rate was observed when vancomycin-gentamicin cement spacers were used. A higher likelihood of second-stage positive cultures was observed with diabetes. Spacer fixation using extra-antibiotic-loaded cement during the first stage had a protective effect.