Yoshida C, Kadota K, Ikeda T, et al. - Researchers sought to determine the association of immune cell infiltration with the occurrence of STAS (spread through air spaces) and clinical outcome among 709 patients with stage 0–IIIA lung adenocarcinoma who underwent resection between 1999 and 2016. They constructed tissue microarrays, and conducted immunohistochemical analysis for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO, CD25, CD20, and CD68. The three tumor areas with the highest density of immune cells were photographed, and experts quantified the immune cells. Employing log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards models, recurrence-free probability and overall survival were assessed. According to findings, an elevated STAS rate was independently predicted by a high density of CD68 + tumor-associated macrophages. In addition, STAS was shown to be correlated with aggressive tumor behavior features.