Abulizi X, et al. - In order to assess the utility of the restricted mean survival time (RMST) measures as primary measure of efficacy in HIV/AIDS clinical trials, comparative analysis was done based on the difference in RMST (Δ-RMST) measure and 2 other treatment-effect measures in a recent HIV equivalence trial. Further, the performance and characteristics of Δ-RMST–based analysis were investigated in a simulation study. A recent HIV equivalence trial (ACTG A5257 trial) was reanalyzed with hazard ratio and Δ-RMST, and then the results were compared with the original analysis based on risk difference estimated by Kaplan–Meier curves (RD_KM). Conclusions made with analyses based on Δ-RMST globally were similar to the published finding based on RD_KM. However, some discordant equivalence conclusions were made in analyses based on hazard ratio provided when compared both with the initial analyses based on RD_KM and the Δ-RMST.