Chao JY, Li CY, Wang MC, et al. - Among hemodialysis patients, cardiovascular disease and infection are the most common causes of death. Researchers here examined if and how vitamin D use affects cardiovascular or infection outcome among these patients. From Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), they recruited 52,757 patients older than 20 years who initiated maintenance hemodialysis between 2001 and 2009 in this retrospective observational cohort study. Vitamin D users were the patients who were prescribed activated vitamin D before the 360th day from hemodialysis initiation. During the median follow-up of 1,019 days, they identified a lower crude mortality rate, lower incidences of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ischemic stroke, amputation, and hospitalization for infection among the vitamin D users vs non-users. Taking into consideration competing events of death, they identified the possible beneficial value of therapeutic activated vitamin D use in hemodialysis patients for reducing infection events and amputation, of which the latter is a complication of peripheral vascular disease, rather than reducing major atherosclerotic cardiovascular events such as AMI or ischemic stroke.