He M, Wang Y, Wang J, et al. - In this study done with 78 patients, including 40 with newly diagnosed Grave disease (GD), 20 with inactive Grave orbitopathy (GO) and 18 with active GO, researchers investigated potential markers implicated in the initial phase of GD dysfunction and the development of active GO. Using the clinical activity score (CAS, active GO = CAS ≥ 3), the assessment of GO activity was done, and for the evaluation of severity, they used the NOSPECS classification. In order to obtain measurements of plasma Th1 cytokines interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α; Th2 cytokines IL4, IL5 and IL6; Th17 cytokine IL23; Treg cytokines IL10 and TGF-β; and two chemokines, CCL2 (Th2 chemokine) and CXCL10 (Th1 chemokine), they used a liquid chip assay. The implication of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly Th17-related cytokines (eg, IL23) and Th1 chemokines (eg, CXCL10), in the initial phase of GD dysfunction was suggested. Moreover, it was noted for the first time that GO disease activity may be reflected by reduced plasma selenium levels and raised levels of Th2 chemokines (eg, CCL2), this clarifies the diagnosis and evaluation of active GO.