Yang MC, et al. - In this case series study, researchers determined the effectiveness of multilevel surgery (hyoid myotomy and suspension with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for the treatment of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and ascertained if the surgical protocol could be as effective as CPAP. For this analysis, they compared the effects of multilevel surgery and CPAP in the same individuals to minimize the influence of confounding factors. Participants in the study were 15 patients with a pretreatment apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 15. The authors discovered that the AHI and oxygen desaturation index could be improved by bott CPAP and multilevel surgery. They found that CPAP is effective in improving severity of OSAS, oxygen desaturation, sleep stage, and blood pressure control, whereas hyoid myotomy and suspension with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty are only effective in improving OSAS severity and oxygen desaturation. Findings indicated that when considering OSAS treatment, CPAP is the first option, especially in patients with hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases.