Cairncross ZF, et al. - Researchers conducted this population-based retrospective cohort study to investigate the impact of both gestational age at delivery and underlying cause of delivery on child health outcomes. This cohort study of singleton infants born in Alberta (April 2004-March 2005) employed linked administrative and perinatal data to identify birth subtypes by underlying cause (infection/inflammation (I/I), placental dysfunction (PD), both, or neither), gestational age at delivery, and child health outcomes (neonatal morbidity and mortality, paediatric complex chronic conditions, and neurodevelopmental disorders and disabilities). In total, 38,192 children were involved, with 66.7% experiencing neither I/I nor PD. Compared with infants born at term and late-term, preterm born infants had a higher risk of all outcomes. Short- and long-term health outcomes for children differ in terms of the underlying cause leading to delivery and the gestational age at delivery. Getting a better prognosis for infants may facilitate the early use of clinical interventions for children at increased risk.