Peng L, et al. - This study aimed to determine the risk factors of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) on patients with severe hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and to provide evidence for prevention and treatment of NPE. Findings suggested that for severe HFMD children, drowsiness ranks first among NPE risk factors, followed by vomiting, tachycardia, hypertension, breathing rhythm changes, limb tremor, atypical rash and hyperglycemia.