Aqrawi LA, Galtung HK, Guerreiro EM, et al. - Fifteen non-Sjögren syndrome (SS), 10 pSS and 10 healthy individuals were involved in the analyses by the researchers in order to examine inflammatory signs in the salivary gland tissue, tear fluid and saliva of non-SS individuals in comparison with primary SS individuals and healthy individuals. In non-SS individuals, histopathological assessment of salivary gland biopsies exhibited implications of milder inflammation through mononuclear cell infiltration, fibrosis, and fatty replacement as that of pSS individuals. The upregulation of proinflammatory pathways and proteins implicated in ubiquitination and B cell differentiation (Tumour protein D52) were discovered in tear fluid of pSS patients, however, it was unaffected in the non-SS group. Furthermore, overexpression of proteins erythrocyte band 7 integral membrane protein, Annexin A4, and Annexin A1, controlling cellular innate and adaptive immunological pathways, were additionally recognized in extracellular vesicle (EVs) from tear fluid of pSS patients. Lastly, entire saliva and EVs isolated from the whole saliva of pSS patients expressed proteins vital for innate MHC class I cellular regulation and T cell activation (CD44). Therefore, non-SS sicca individuals may show implications of mild inflammation in their glandular tissue, although, their protein profile was markedly more comparable to healthy controls than to pSS patients. Moreover, when assessing non-SS individuals and pSS patients and monitoring disease progression, tear and salivary biomarkers recognized could be implemented as potential non-invasive diagnostic tools that may help in improving diagnostic exactitude.