Abo El-khair SM, et al. - In this retrospective case-control study that involved 150 Egyptian females (70 patients diagnosed to have SLE and 80 age-matched healthy controls), researchers examined the correlation between programmed cell death 1 polymorphism (PD1.3G/A (rs11568821) and PD1.5C/T (rs2227981)) with the risk of SLE in the Egyptian female population. The two single nucleotide polymorphisms of the pdcd1 gene were genotyped by allelic differentiation through the TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction. In patients with SLE, the PD1.3GG genotype and G allele, as well as the PD1.5CC genotype, were significantly more prevalent. With a noted important linkage disequilibrium between the two studied polymorphisms, the GC haplotype was the most prevalent haplotype among patients with SLE. However most of the studies exhibited a notable relationship of SLE with the minor alleles, the results of this study reported an important correlation between the dominant genotypes (PD1.3GG and PD1.5CC) as well as the major G allele with the risk of SLE among Egyptian females.