Tokunaga K, et al. – Researchers more clearly defined the associations between prior anticoagulation and short- or long-term clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in this study. They examined 1,189 ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who were hospitalized within 7 days after onset. Among the overall participants, no prior anticoagulation was received by 813 patients, prior warfarin treatment with an international normalized ratio (INR) < 2 on admission was received by 310, prior warfarin treatment with an INR ≥ 2 on admission was received by 28, and the remaining 38 received prior direct oral anticoagulant treatment. According to the findings, a lower risk of death or disability at 3 months was observed in association with prior warfarin treatment in ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. However, prior warfarin treatment was not associated with a lower risk of death or disability at 2 years in these patients. A higher risk of ischemic events within 2 years was observed in relation to prior warfarin treatment with an INR ≥ 2 on admission.