Nilsson E, et al. - Researchers investigated whether there was a relationship between pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and outcomes in prevalent haemodialysis patients and hypothesized that diabetes mellitus and inflammation status act as effect modifiers. Using ELISA, circulating PAPP-A levels were quantified. They used Cox proportional hazards and quantile regression models for relationships between PAPP-A and mortality. In prevalent haemodialysis patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus, increased PAPP-A levels were correlated with higher all-cause mortality.