Abdel-Ghaffar HS, et al. - After pediatric laparoscopic surgery, the effect of post-extubation noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask application on the alveolar arterial oxygen difference [(A–a) DO₂] was investigated in this randomized controlled trial. For this investigation, 60 patients (1-6 years) were randomly assigned to three groups of 20 patients in order to receive zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP group), recruitment maneuver (RM) with decremental positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration only (RM group), or followed by 5 minutes of CPAP post-extubation (RM-CPAP group). Investigators found that an RM done after pneumoperitoneum inflation followed by decremental PEEP titration improved oxygenation at 1 hour postoperatively. The addition of noninvasive CPAP mask ventilation in the early post-extubation period improved oxygenation 12 hours after surgery. There were no significant differences between groups in perioperative adverse effects.