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Persistence of sars-cov-2 in the first trimester placenta leading to transplacental transmission and fetal demise from an asymptomatic mother

Human Reproduction Dec 24, 2020

Shende P, Gaikwad P, Gandhewar M, et al. - Lacunae remain concerning the impact of COVID-19 in first trimester pregnancy and the duration for which SARS-CoV-2 can survive in placenta. In this work, a case of a pregnant woman in the first trimester was reported who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 at 8 weeks of gestation although her clinical course was asymptomatic. Her throat swab tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 at 13 weeks of gestation, however, placenta showed presence of viral RNA and the Spike (S) proteins (S1 and S2) were immunolocalized in cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells of the placental villi. Histologically, the villi were generally avascular with peri-villus fibrin deposition and in some areas the syncytiotrophoblast layer seemed lysed. In addition, the decidua exhibited deposition of fibrin with extensive leucocyte infiltration indicative of inflammation. The placental barrier was crossed by the SARS-CoV-2, as the amniotic fluid had the presence of the viral RNA and the fetal membrane exhibited the presence of the S proteins. Extensively subcutaneous edema with pleural effusion suggestive of hydrops fetalis and the absence of cardiac activity indicative of fetal demise were detected in ultrasonography. This work is identified to be the first study yielding concrete evidence of persistent placental infection of SARS-CoV-2 and its congenital transmission linked with hydrops fetalis and intrauterine fetal demise in early pregnancy.

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