Huang L, et al. – Researchers in this study gauged whether end–stage renal disease (ESRD) affected T cell receptor (TCR)–mediated signaling. In addition, they investigated possibilities for intervening in ESRD–associated defective T–cell mediated immunity. In young ESRD patients consistent with the concept of premature immunological T cell ageing, TCR–mediated phosphorylation of ERK (pERK) was affected. In these patients, inhibition of DUSP6 specific for pERK seemed to be a potential intervention enhancing T–cell mediated immunity.