Schulman J, Benitz WE, Profit J, et al. - Researchers undertook this cross-sectional analysis, to estimate the percentage of hospital births taking antibiotics prior to being discharged from the hospital and efficiency diagnosing proven bloodstream infection. This analysis included 326,845 live births in 2017, with a 69% sample of all California births including 121 California hospitals with a NICU, of which 116 routinely served inborn neonates. They noted variation in the percent of newborns with antibiotic exposure; from 1.6% to 42.5%. The receipt of antibiotics per proven early-onset sepsis case in 11.4 to 335.7 infants and the receipt of antibiotics per proven late-onset sepsis case in 2 to 164 infants was reported, across hospitals. In this study, a wide variation was evident in the percent of newborns with antibiotic exposure. Also, percent of newborns with antibiotic exposure was unexplained by proven bloodstream infection. Usually, the detection of sepsis, especially early onset, is extremely inefficient. Knowledge of the numbers of newborns receiving antibiotics complements assessments anchored in days of exposure since these are uncorrelated measures.