Boivin MJ, Maliwichi-Senganimalunje L, Ogwang LW, et al. - In HIV-exposed and uninfected children vs HIV-unexposed and uninfected children, a comparison of neurodevelopmental outcomes of ante-partum and post-partum antiretroviral exposure at ages 12, 24, 48, and 60 months was done. From two research sites in the PROMISE-BF trial (at Blantyre, Malawi, and Kampala, Uganda), a prospective cohort of HIV-exposed and uninfected children was identified; in this trial, pregnant HIV-infected mothers were randomly assigned to triple antiretroviral prophylaxis (lopinavir–ritonavir plus either lamivudine and zidovudine or emtricitabine and tenofovir) vs zidovudine alone. Postpartum, random assignment of the mother-infant pairs to maternal triple antiretroviral treatment or infant nevirapine was done during breastfeeding. At vaccination and well-child clinics at the study sites, enrollment of HIV-unexposed and uninfected children matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic background was done. The mothers' HIV-exposed and uninfected children vs children who were HIV-unexposed and uninfected showed no greater developmental risks through age 60 months in correlation to maternal triple antiretroviral exposure during both the ante-partum and post-partum phases. This might be because of the possible neuroprotection provided to the child by the ante-partum triple antiretroviral protection for the health of mothers with HIV during pregnancy, for the child, and when continued postpartum, the triple antiretroviral protection could augment the quality of care for the child through better clinical care for the mother.