Lesko CR, et al. - In the Johns Hopkins Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clinical Cohort (Baltimore, MD), researchers ascertained sensitivity and specificity of two imperfect but routine measurements of recent substance use (medical record review and self-interview) in addition to the prevalence of substance use among 2,064 patients engaged in care from 2007 to 2015. Sensitivity of medical record review was higher than sensitivity of self-interview for cocaine and heroin use. However, for any alcohol use, hazardous alcohol use, and cigarette smoking, sensitivity of self-interview was higher than sensitivity of medical record review. For each substance, posterior estimates of sensitivity of self-interview were generally above 80%, 85% and 87%, respectively. Specificity was high for all measurements. They noted non-trivial measurement error of substance use which should be considered in subsequent analyses.