Ravimohan S, Auld SC, Maenetje P, et al. - By performing a prospective cohort investigation in South Africa, researchers analyzed a sample of adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), to examine links between pulmonary inflammation, recovery of pathogen-specific CD4 T-cell function, and lung injury before as well as following antiretroviral therapy (ART) start in these patients. They observed these patients prior to and up to 48 weeks following ART initiation. Greater lung total glycolytic activity on [18]F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography–computed tomography was found to be related to worse lung function and respiratory symptoms before ART start, and approximately half of participants exhibited worsening lung inflammation and lung function at Week 4 of ART. So, rises in pulmonary inflammation as well as reductions in lung function were common on ART, associated with greater ART-mediated CD4 T-cell restoration, and were identified to be related to the persistent impairment of lung function among patients with HIV/TB.