Muiru AN, et al. - Researchers assessed associations of known chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk factors with 14 urine biomarkers, capturing multiple dimensions of kidney injury, in cross-sectional study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive persons in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study and the Women’s Interagency HIV Study, using separate multivariable adjusted models for each biomarker, given that urinary biomarkers can detect early kidney injury, and may help mitigate the risk of overt CKD. Findings in the multivariable analyses revealed that, the associations of each CKD risk factor with urinary biomarker levels varied in magnitude. Elevations in interleukin(IL)-18, and albuminuria were seen mainly in association with HIV viral load, while lower monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and β2-microglobulin were detected in association with higher CD4 levels. In contrast, elevations in α1-microglobulin, kidney injury marker-1, clusterin, MCP-1, and chitinase-3-like protein-1 levels, as well as lower epidermal growth factor, and uromodulin levels, were detected in significant association with older age.