Youngstein T, et al. – This multi–centre study focused on the outcomes of pregnancies exposed to the interleukin–1 (IL–1) inhibitors prior to conception in both men and women, during pregnancy and breast feeding. Additional information was yielded regarding IL–1 blockade and reproduction along with first data on canakinumab and on paternal exposure to these agents. The case of renal agenesis was determined as the second reported data in an anakinra–exposed pregnancy.