Shete A, et al. - Researchers investigated the extent of immune reconstitution in immunological non-responders (INR), which are HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy with suppressed viremia but a suboptimal increase in CD4 cell count, in order to assess their vulnerability to opportunistic infections. They enrolled 23 INR patients (CD4 increase <50 cells/mm³, viral load <40 copies/ml), 40 age-, sex-, and baseline CD4 count-matched responders (CD4 increase >100 cells/mm³, viral load <40 copies/ml), and 18 treatment failures, defined as per the national guidelines, at 1 year of antiretroviral therapy. Outcomes revealed lower thymic output, incomplete functional T-cell reconstitution, higher responses to HIV co-pathogens, and higher symptomatic events among INR patients. This suggests the necessity to closely monitor these patients and for intervention tactics to manage their immunocompromised status.