Gutman SJ, Costello BT, Papapostolou S, et al. - Among patients (n = 452) with moderate–severe heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, whether traditional markers of disadvantage [female gender, low socio-economic status (SES), and remoteness] were related to lower prescription of evidence-based therapy and higher mortality was investigated in this study. Participants were observed over a median duration of 37.9 months. The study sample comprised of 109 (24.3%) women. Depending on gender, no difference in overall survival was noted. The prescription of beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or aldosterone antagonists did not differ. Men vs women exhibited no difference in rates of primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. No overall survival benefit was provided by higher SES or inner city residence. Overall, the observed delivery of care and the probability of mortality between the genders, SES groups, and rural vs city residents were comparable in this Australian cohort of heart failure patients.