Shirasawa M, Yoshida T, Matsumoto Y, et al. - In patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a history of radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is associated better effectiveness of the PD-1 blockade, so researchers evaluated the effectiveness of anti-PD-(L)1 therapy following CRT failure and how the status of PD-L1 expression on tumors and on tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs) is changed by CRT. Patients with unresectable locally advanced NSCLC (LA-NSCLC) treated with CRT between 2007 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed and the effectiveness of the PD-(L)1 blockade after CRT failure was evaluated. They identified a total of 422 patients; 65 patients who relapsed following CRT received anti-PD-(L)1 therapy. After anti-PD-(L)1 therapy, the objective response rate was 48% and progression-free survival (PFS) was 8.7 months. Findings support the effectiveness of anti-PD-(L)1 therapy after CRT failure in LA-NSCLC. Increase in the density of tumoral CD8-positive tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes was noted following CRT treatment. No differences in effectiveness were evident relative to PD-L1 expression at baseline. For patients with NSCLC with CRT failure, the effectiveness of anti-PD-(L)1 therapy was better vs standard second-line treatment for patients with advanced NSCLC.