Sarradin V, Lusque A, Filleron T, et al. - Researchers assessed neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT)-induced immune microenvironment (IME) alterations in cases of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) as well as examined the prognostic worth of specific immune biomarkers. By analyzing a TNBC cohort (n = 66), they found no difference in overall tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) counts and PD-L1 (programmed death ligand 1) expression at pre- and post-NACT, however, a response-specific statistically significant difference was observed. In pCR (pathological complete response) patients, PD-L1 expression was significantly more frequently lost post-NACT when compared with no-pCR patients. Following NACT, TIM-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3) positivity (≥ 1%) was observed significantly more frequently with rises in expression levels seen more often in no-pCR vs in pCR patients. Prior to NACT, there was a significant association of a high TIL count (> 10%) with better overall survival (OS). Post-NACT, significantly worse OS was observed in relation to both PD-L1 positivity and strong TIM-3 positivity (≥ 5%). Overall, significant IME alterations in TNBCs were brought about by NACT. Valuable prognostic information may be offered by PD-L1 and TIM-3 expression post-NACT in TNBC cases.