Sugiuchi A, et al. - Researchers probed if lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation induced the formation of hard tissue in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). Findings suggested that through Wnt5a signalling pathways in hDPCs, LPS stimulation induced the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and hard tissue formation. At 21 days, compared to the control group, ALP activity was significantly stronger in the LPS group. Decreased expression of Runx2 and ALP was demonstrated with the treatment of Box5, an antagonist of Wnt5a.