Havlir DV, et al. - Experts randomly allotted 32 rural communities in Uganda and Kenya to baseline HIV and multi-disease testing and national guideline–restricted antiretroviral therapy (ART) (control group) or to baseline testing plus annual testing, eligibility for universal ART, and patient-centered care (intervention group) in order to determine the benefits of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and treatment with the help of a community health approach in rural Africa. There were 150,395 recruited, and among 15,399 HIV-infected individuals, population-level viral suppression was 42% at baseline; it was higher in the intervention group vs the control group at 3 years. Over 3 years, the annual incidence of HIV infection in the intervention group declined by 32%, but between the intervention group and the control group, the 3-year cumulative incidence did not vary significantly. The risk of death in HIV-infected patients by year 3 was 3% and 4% in the intervention group and in the control group, respectively. Most likely due to the availability of comprehensive baseline HIV testing and the accelerated expansion of ART eligibility in the control group, universal HIV treatment did not lead to a significantly reduced incidence of HIV infection vs standard care.