Kristjansdottir HL, Lewerin C, Lerner UH, et al. - Plasma levels of erythropoietin (EPO) were investigated in 999 men taking part in the Gothenburg part of the population-based study MrOS Sweden in order to investigate the possible relationship between EPO and BMD, fracture risk and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in humans. For men with eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min (N = 728), EPO was related to age, total hip BMD, intact (i)FGF23 and osteocalcin. The relationship between total hip BMD and EPO was irrespective of age, BMI, iFGF23 and hemoglobin. During the 10-year follow up, 164 men had an x-ray confirmed fracture, comprising 117, 39, and 64 major osteoporotic fractures (MOF), hip fractures, and vertebral fractures, respectively. In a fully adjusted Cox regression model, high EPO was related to a greater risk for incident fractures, MOF and vertebral fractures. In men with eGFR < 60 ml/min, between EPO and BMD or fracture risk, no correlation was observed. Hence, it was exhibited that in old men with normal renal function, high levels of EPO are related to progressed fractures risk and raised BMD.