Thurlow JS, Joshi M, Yan G, et al. - Given that each nation’s unique genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and sociodemographic features are reflected by the global epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), researchers herein focused on geographic variation as well as global trends in ESKD incidence and prevalence. They also assessed disparities in kidney replacement therapy (KRT) modality, practice patterns, and mortality. From 2003 to 2016, many higher income countries demonstrated relatively stable incidence rates of treated ESKD but a substantial rise was seen mainly in East and Southeast Asia. A global rise in treated ESKD prevalence was reported. In the USA, Europe, and in Japan, the estimated unadjusted 5-year survival of ESKD patients on KRT was 41%, 48%, and 60%, respectively. In most countries, the predominant KRT is dialysis, and the most common modality is hemodialysis. Globally, KRT prevalence is greater at higher income levels, and the number of individuals who die prematurely owing to lack of KRT access is estimated at up to 3 times higher vs the number who undergo treatment. Overall, findings revealed non-receipt of KRT in many people worldwide who require it as a life-sustaining treatment; it is mostly seen in low- and middle-income countries where health care resources are severely limited.