Lee JS, Mogasale V, Marks F, et al. - Given the association of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) with fatal diseases such as HIV and malaria, researchers sought to perform accurate estimation of global disease burden as well as identify high risk areas. As there is sparse population-based surveillance data, they developed a composite index called the iNTS risk factor (iNRF) index based on risk factors that commonly exist across countries. Consideration was given to four risk factors linked with the prevalence of iNTS: malaria, HIV, malnutrition, and safe water. First the generation of the iNRF index was done based on the four risk factors which were obtained within a 50 km radius of existing surveillance sites. While some countries generally had low (ie Rwanda) or high (ie Cote d’Ivoire) iNRF index, variation in risk-level of iNTS was observed not only by country but also within a country. At the provincial-level, Maniema, the Democratic Republic of Congo, was the highest risk area whereas Dakar in Senegal was at the lowest risk. Findings overall suggest the utility of the iNRF index to understand the geographically varying risk-level of iNTS. As conduction of a population-based surveillance study necessitates extensive human and financial resources, identification of high risk areas for iNTS prior to a study implementation may allow an appropriate site-selection process in the future.