Johnston A, Afra A, Liu P, et al. - This study evaluated if co-morbid depression has sex-specific effects on long-term survival and cognitive outcomes in heart failure (HF). Researchers conducted a retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort of adults with HF from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Centre database. They defined co-morbid depression at baseline as active depression in the last 2 years. Adjusting for age, education, marital status, hypertension, stroke, and atrial fibrillation, baseline MMSE score, and ApoE genotype, they applied stratified multivariable Cox regression to evaluate gender variations in the primary outcomes of mortality, cognitive decline, and dementia for HF patients with comorbid depression. They distinguished 758 adults with HF (female N=412; 54%; mean age=80, SD=9.2). Although a higher prevalence was seen among females, it has been reported that co-morbid depression seemed to negatively affect survival and contribute to cognitive decline and dementia among male HF patients only; there was no observed impact among female HF patients. The results demonstrated that in HF, screening and management of sex-specific risks may inform individualized care trajectories for individuals with multi-morbidity.