Costa C, et al. - Researchers described the expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in chronic multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions and determined if their expression is relevant in MS in comparison with other demyelinating diseases. For this investigation, they included 42 MS lesions, 12 acute ischemic lesions, 8 progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy lesions, and 10 CNS areas from 4 non-neuropathological patients. Findings revealed that the percentage of cells expressing BMPs, BMPRII, and pSMAD1/5/8 correlated with the inflammatory activity of MS lesions, and changes in the percentage of positive cells in MS were more relevant than in other white matter–damaging diseases. In active MS lesions, BMPs are increased, implying a possible role in MS pathogenesis.