Mathur R, Rentsch CT, Morton CE, et al. - Researchers performed an observational cohort study to quantify ethnic differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 outcomes during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in England. The sample consisted of adults (aged ≥ 18 years) registered with primary care practices in England for whom electronic health records were available through the OpenSAFELY platform, and who had at least 1 year of continuous registration at the start of each study period (February 1 to August 3, 2020 [wave 1], and September 1 to December 31, 2020 [wave 2]). Of 17,288,532 adults involved in the study (excluding care home residents), 10,877,978 (62·9%) were White, 1,025,319 (5·9%) were South Asian, 340,912 (2·0%) were Black, 170,484 (1·0%) were of mixed ethnicity, 320,788 (1·9%) were of other ethnicity, and 4,553,051 (26·3%) were of unknown ethnicity. Even after accounting for differences in sociodemographic, clinical, and household characteristics, some minority ethnic populations in England have an increased risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and having a negative COVID-19 outcome compared with the White population. The causes are likely to be multifactorial, and pinpointing the precise mechanisms is critical. Combating ethnic inequalities will necessitate action on multiple fronts, including reducing structural inequalities, addressing barriers to equitable care, and increasing testing and vaccination uptake.