Yen JY, et al. - In this study, researchers assessed the association between estrogen levels, emotion regulation, depression, anxiety, and stress of women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). In addition, they determined the moderating effect of estrogen receptor (ESR) α-Xbal polymorphism on the aforementioned association. Findings supported that estrogen is associated with anxiety in PMDD, thereby supporting the claim that women with PMDD differ in their responses to normal estrogen levels. Furthermore, only the G carriers of ESR α-Xbal polymorphism showed this association and dysfunctional emotional regulation in PMDD.