Hopia L, et al. - In the present study, the researchers analyzed the prevalence of epilepsy in a hospital-based systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cohort and explored the connection between epilepsy and other manifestations of neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE). Participants in the study were 440 SLE individuals selected from 1998 to 2012. Data reported that 14% were dead and 2.7% were lost to follow-up. In NPSLE patients with epilepsy compared with NPSLE patients without epilepsy, the rates of cerebrovascular disease and psychosis were increased two- and three-fold, respectively. Antiphospholipid syndrome was more common in patients with epilepsy than in patients with or without NPSLE with epilepsy-free SLE. No other etiology than SLE has been found in 50% of patients with epilepsy. The outcomes support the notion of a multifactorial epilepsy background in SLE that involves both vascular disease and autoimmunity-consistent features.