Jiang S, Yang C, Yang C, et al. - Researchers investigated the largest contemporary cohort of preterm infants in China for the incidence, case-fatality rate and pathogen distribution of late-onset sepsis (LOS). In addition, they explored risk factors and short-term outcomes linked with LOS caused by Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. In this cohort study, assessment of all infants who were born at < 34 weeks’ gestation and were admitted to 25 tertiary hospitals from 19 provinces in China from May, 2015 to April, 2018, was done. Among these infants, culture-proven late-onset sepsis was reported in 4.4% with a case-fatality rate of 15.4% in Chinese NICUs. The most common pathogens causing late-onset sepsis in Chinese NICUs were Gram-negative bacteria (51.8%); the proportion of fungal sepsis was alarmingly high (17.1%). They observed increased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes in correlation with Gram-negative bacterial and fungal sepsis. Based on these findings, they emphasize developing clinical guidelines on the prevention and treatment of LOS and tailoring them to these LOS characteristics in Chinese NICUs.