Wheelis SE, et al. - Using in vitro experiments, researchers investigated the effects of titanium oxide (TiO₂) morphology on the proliferation and differentiation of murine preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1). They fabricated samples with several TiO₂ thickness and crystalline structure to mimic various dental implant surfaces. Outcomes suggest no effect of crystallinity and thickness on the long-term viability of hard or soft tissue cells when compared to a cpTi surface. This suggests no direct effect of treatments, like anodization on implant components, on the attachment of hard or soft tissue cells in vivo.