Roshanravan N, Alamdari NM, Jafarabadi MA, et al. - Researchers sought to determine if and how daily consumption of sodium butyrate (NaBut) and high-performance (HP) inulin supplementation, individually or in combination, affect the expression of pyroptosis-related genes, microRNA (miR) 146a-5p, miR-9-5p and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 60 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to receive 600 mg/d of NaBut (group A), 10 g/d of HP inulin (group B), 600 mg/d of NaBut + 10 g/d of HP inulin (group C) or placebo (group D) for 45 consecutive days. Butyrate supplementation led to significant downregulation of the relative expression levels of TLR2/4, NF-κB1, Caspase-1, NLRP3, IL-1β & IL-18. Furthermore, a significant increase in the fold change of miR-146a and miR-9 was observed in correlation with butyrate and concomitant use of butyrate and inulin when compared with the placebo group. Interestingly, after butyrate and concomitant use of butyrate and inulin supplement, they observed significant increase in the changes in total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase, respectively. Findings suggest a pivotal role of the change in expression level of miR-146a-5p and miR-9-5p due to butyrate supplementation in alleviating of diabetes via inhibiting pyroptosis by targeting TLR2 and NF-κB1.