Steyn A, et al. - In a cohort of South African children, researchers characterized the clinical characteristics of Duane's retraction syndrome and examined the differences between ethnic groups. The study sample consisted of 120 subjects seen between 1997 and 2017 at a tertiary referral center in Cape Town, South Africa. According to this retrospective case series, type 2 Duane's retraction syndrome was most common in black children (54%), while type 1 was predominant in mixed race (68%) and white (94%) children. The involvement of the left eye was the most common among all ethnic groups, followed by the right eye and bilateral involvement. This is the first research to provide strong information on pediatric Duane's retraction syndrome profile in South Africa's three major ethnic groups, and it showed clear ethnic differences. It was noted that ametropia was found in 94 patients, amblyopia was present in 15 patients, and 41 patients underwent surgery. Boys are more frequently affected among black children, the proportion with type 2 Duane's retraction syndrome is more frequent, and surgery is more frequently required. Girls are more frequently affected among white and mixed race children and type 1 Duane's retraction syndrome is predominant.