Nuttawong S, Chularojanamontri L, Trakanwittayarak S, et al. - In the present study, the researchers sought to examine direct immunofluorescence (DIF) findings in patients with a clinical and histopathological diagnosis of livedoid vasculopathy (LV). DIF findings of 62 LV patients have been analyzed. In addition, published literature in the PubMed database were reviewed and summarized. This investigation showed deposition of immunoreactants at blood vessels (BV) in 59 cases (95.2%). Nearly all cases were positive for a combination of multiple immunoreactants. DIF study in patients with LV exhibited positive immunoreactants ranging from 42.9% to 100% in both the present study and in the published literature. The most common immunoreactants deposited at BV were complement component and IgM. Immunoreactant deposition at BV and DEJ was the most common pattern. There was a slightly higher proportion of positive DIF outcomes for LV in older patients and early lesions aged less than 6 months than in younger patients and late lesions aged 6 months or older.