Kronsteiner B, et al. - Researchers examined peripheral blood of acute melioidosis patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM) for immune correlates of survival, including different immune response patterns. As per findings, CX3CR1 expression on lymphocytes is a novel correlate of survival from acute melioidosis. Poor outcome was related to excessive serum levels of IL-15 and IL-18BP independent of DM co-morbidity. For the survival of non-DM patients, CD8+ T cells and granzyme B expression in NK cells are vital. Survival of DM patients is correlated to high antibody titres against B. pseudomallei (which causes melioidosis) and double-negative T cells. As per recall responses, γδ T-cell-derived IFN-γ contribute to the establishment of protective immunity in the DM group. These findings may assist in designing new therapies and vaccines targeting this rapidly expanding risk group.