Burke NL, et al. - Low-income pregnant and non-pregnant reproductive-aged women from southeast Louisiana were investigated for the vitamin D status and its determinants using data from the Gulf Resilience on Women’s Health (GROWH) research consortium cohort of pregnant and non-pregnant women. Findings revealed inadequate serum vitamin D levels in a high proportion of Black and White low-income pregnant and reproductive-aged women enrolled in the GROWH study. Vitamin D deficiency was most prevalent in Black women who are over 35 years old and non-Women and Infant clinics (WIC) participants, especially during the winter. They observed higher serum levels of vitamin D in significant correlation with self-identifying as White, being pregnant, autumn season, young age and high exposure to tobacco smoke measured by cotinine. As Black women display an overall higher level of deficiency, if WIC produces even small behavioral and dietary modifications, a comparatively greater improvement in vitamin D status could be achieved in women from Southeast Louisiana who self-identify as Black.