Zhou H, et al. - Since the concentrations of cytokines in the aqueous humor from neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) can differ, the authors contrasted various cytokine levels in the aqueous humor of eyes with PCV, nAMD and control. The sample consisted of 49 treatment-naïve eyes from 49 patients (PCV 24, nAMD 11, and cataract 14 eyes). In the aqueous humor, a total of 34 angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines were measured using Luminex bead-based multiplex array. According to the present case control study, the pathogenesis of nAMD or PCV may include various cytokines involved in inflammation and angiogenesis, including elevated IL-31, LIF, SDF1-α, VEGF-A, and VEGF-D. None of the 34 cytokines, including VEGF and IL-8, can help distinguish nAMD from PCV.