Bermejo P, et al. - In order to distinguish biofilm formation on whole dental titanium implants with varying surface micro-topography, researchers grew a multispecies in vitro biofilm model consisting on initial (Streptococcus oralis and Actinomyces naeslundii), early (Veillonella parvula), secondary (Fusobacterium nucleatum) and late colonizers (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) for 96 h on sterile titanium dental implants with either minimal (Sa: 0.5–1.0 mm) or moderate-roughness titanium surfaces (Sa: 1.1–2.0 mm). The analysis revealed accumulation of more bacterial biomass and significantly higher number of pathogenic bacteria (F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans) on implants with moderate-roughness surfaces when compared to implants with minimal-roughness surfaces, within a similar biofilm structure.