Lane CA, Barnes J, Nicholas JM, et al. - This study was undertaken to ascertain the relationships between vascular risk in early adulthood, midlife, and late life with late-life brain structure and pathology using measures of white matter–hyperintensity volume, β-amyloid load, and whole-brain and hippocampal volumes. Researchers conducted a prospective longitudinal cohort study, Insight 46, which is part of the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, which commenced in 1946. This study recruited a sum of 502 individuals as part of Insight 46, and 463 individuals (236 male [51.0%]) with at least 1 available imaging measure (mean [SD] age at imaging, 70.7 [0.7] years; 83 β-amyloid positive [18.2%]) who fulfilled eligibility criteria. They found relationships between higher vascular risk, smaller whole-brain volume, and greater white matter–hyperintensity volume at age 69 to 71 years, with the strongest correlation seen with early adulthood vascular risk. No evidence was found that higher vascular risk affects amyloid deposition, at least up to age 71 years. Decreasing vascular risk with proper interventions should be considered from early adulthood to maximize late-life brain health.