Nguyen OK, et al. - In this observational cohort study of 181 adults, researchers compared the effectiveness of scheduled vs emergency-only dialysis with regard to health outcomes, utilization, and costs in undocumented immigrants with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Data on eligible persons were examined during the 6-month period before registration (baseline period, August 1, 2014-January 31, 2015) up to 12 months after registration (follow-up period, March 1, 2015-February 29, 2016), with an intervening 1-month washout period (February 2015). From Parkland Hospital electronic health records, self-reported data on immigration status was collected. A significant association was found between scheduled dialysis and reduced 1-year mortality, health care utilization, and costs vs emergency-only dialysis. Scheduled dialysis should be the universal standard of care for all persons with ESRD in the USA.