Christensen CH, et al. - This trial incorporated an assessment of the mortality risks related to current and former use of cigars, pipes, and cigarettes in the US cohort. Data unveiled that the use of cigar, pipe, and cigarette conferred mortality risks, even among nondaily current cigarette users. It was determined that former users presented with lower risks when compared to current users. Researchers highlighted the significance of cessation in order to reduce mortality and morbidity from combustible tobacco use.

Methods

• The design of National Longitudinal Mortality Study was a longitudinal population-based, nationally representative health survey with mortality follow-up.
• It included demographic and other information from the Current Population Survey, tobacco product use information from the Tobacco Use Supplement, and mortality data from the National Death Index.
• Data with regard to tobacco use was obtained from the enrollees at baseline in surveys starting from 1985 with follow-up for mortality through the end of 2011.
• A total of 357,420 candidates who reported exclusively using cigar, pipes, or cigarettes or reported never using any type of tobacco product were recruited for this research.
• The exposures consisted of current or former exclusive use of any cigar (little cigar, cigarillos, large cigar), traditional pipe, or cigarette and never tobacco use.
• In addition, data with regard to current daily and nondaily use were obtained.
• Estimates were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and survey year.
• All-cause and cause-specific mortality as identified as the primary cause of death from death certificate information served as the main outcomes and measures.

Results

• Among the 357,420 subjects, maximum number of current and former cigar and pipe smokers were male (79.3%-98.0%), and smokers were more evenly divided by sex (46% of current daily smokers were male).
• During follow-up 51,150 deaths were recorded.
• Higher all-cause mortality risks were discovered among exclusive current cigarette smokers (hazard ratio [HR], 1.98; 95% CI, 1.93-2.02) and exclusive current cigar smokers (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.03-1.38) compared to never tobacco users.
• As per the findings, exclusive current cigarette smokers (HR, 4.06; 95% CI, 3.84-4.29), exclusive current cigar smokers (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.11-2.32), and exclusive current pipe smokers (HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.05-2.38) presented with an elevated risk of dying from a tobacco-related cancer (including bladder, esophagus, larynx, lung, oral cavity, and pancreas).
• Data demonstrated statistically prominent correlations among current nondaily cigarette users with deaths from lung cancer (HR, 6.24; 95% CI, 5.17-7.54), oral cancer (HR, 4.62; 95% CI, 1.84-11.58), circulatory death (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.30-1.57), cardiovascular death (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.11-1.39), cerebrovascular death (stroke) (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.12-1.74), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR, 7.66; 95% CI, 6.09-9.64) as well as for daily smokers.