Felfeli T, et al. - Researchers studied 41 eyes to estimate the relationship between aqueous humor cytokine concentrations and long-term treatment response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents in diabetic macular edema (DME) cases. Over 51.4±18.7 months of follow-up, they classified 85% of candidates as Responders with a significant deterioration in baseline central subfield thickness and macular volume and 15% as Non-responders to anti-VEGF therapy. A significant decline from baseline to 2-month follow-up in the concentration of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-10, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, placental growth factor, and transforming growth factor-β2 was reported in the Responder group. They suggested aqueous humor cytokine concentrations as an early biomarker for long-term response to anti-VEGF treatment.