Kelly RJ, Ajani JA, Kuzdzal J, et al. - Since no established adjuvant treatment exists for patients at high risk for recurrence for esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer post-neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery, researchers assessed adjuvant treatment with a checkpoint inhibitor in esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer cases in this global, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CheckMate 577). Participants were adults with resected (R0) stage II or III esophageal or gastroesophageal junction malignancy who had undergone neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and had residual pathological disease. These were randomized 2:1 to take nivolumab at a dose of 240 mg every 2 weeks for 16 weeks, followed by nivolumab at a dose of 480 mg every 4 weeks or matching placebo. Findings revealed a significantly longer disease-free survival in relation to receipt of nivolumab adjuvant therapy vs placebo, in patients with resected esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer who had undergone neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Among the 532 patients who received nivolumab, the median disease-free survival was 22.4 months vs 11.0 months among the 262 patients who received placebo.